When we take a pill, How does it work on our body?
Take a pill. It is absorbed through small intestine among digestive system. It goes to the liver and is metabolized.
After metabolized, the medicine spreads into whole body by blood circulation. After for a while, it would reach the target organ. it interacts with the organ tissue and ,especially, the receptor in the cell of the organ. the drug have an effect.
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| Routes of parenteral administration |
*Oral (Enteral) administration has low bio-availability because of metabolism by the liver. There is also Parental, mucous, transdermal, not enteral.
In work on drugs, interaction between drugs and receptors is very important while how drugs spread out and metabolize is also.
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| Receptors are on cell membrane |
Some drugs may act on unwanted receptors and show side effect. some receptor can react with a variety of substances, not just one substance. So it is important to make substances that respond prominently to the intended receptors and tissues.
*We simply understand by thinking that drugs are like keys, receptors keyholes. The receptors is keyholes on cells. As if a key open up a keyhole, drugs activate on receptors and then makes effects
For example, terfenadine cause to reduce reaction of allergy by lower histamine. but the drug also affect on potassium channel on heart so can cause heart arrest.
To cure glucoma, activating muscarinic receptor and inactivating adrenoreceptor is needed. there are several drugs about this effect.
In case of opioid,,
opioid is used as anagelsia in medicine but known as dope to the public
What is the opioid? It is binding substance to opioid receptor. where did it originate from? opioid is an opium-like substance. opium is a substance that comes from poppy flowers.
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| Puppy flower |
Let's start to know opioid receptors. there are 3 types of the receptor. (There are 3 types of key holes and the activity may vary depending on which keyhole you open.)
1. Mu receptor : cause on euphoria, analgesia. two subtype of this receptor.
Mu-1 almost exist on extra spinal cord and Mu-2 on CNS. (When opioid bind on Mu-2 receptor, euphoria especially occurs so activating Mu-2 receptor cause addiction.)
2. Kappa receptor : cause on analgesia, dysphoric effect.
3. Delta receptor : exact effects are unknown
The opioid class acts on as a whole or selectively as the above receptor and show its effect. The opioid is medically used for releasing pain because of activation on the receptors. But at the same time, there is an euphoric effect which is really easy to addiction.
What is the problem if get an addiction? If you continue to take opioid, you will not only have pain releasing, but also nausea, constipation and respiratory arrest. And then if you stop to take the medicine, because drugs have tolerance, you will feel depressed and need more medicine to get the effect.
In opioid class, there are morphine, codeine, oxycodone and so on.
Oxycodone was the talk of the United States recently. Some doctors have increased the dose of oxycodone of patients who have no effect on low oxycodone, not replacing it with longer half-time oxycodone. (The shorter half-life and the more amount, addiction will occur more easily.) So many patients became drug addicts.
The opioid can be pain-releasing, but it is easy to become addicted, so we should eat it carefully and handle it with care. Of course, other drugs are the same.
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